Antitrust & competition

Prohibits specific anticompetitive practices including price discrimination, tying arrangements, and mergers that substantially lessen competition. It supplements the Sherman Act by giving regulators and private plaintiffs more targeted tools to challenge anti-competitive conduct. Applies to all businesses engaged in interstate commerce.

The foundational federal antitrust statute, prohibiting agreements in restraint of trade and monopolization or attempted monopolization of any market. Violations can carry criminal penalties including imprisonment. Applies to all businesses in interstate commerce and is increasingly used to challenge the market power of major technology platforms.

Targets large online platforms designated as "gatekeepers" -- such as Apple, Google, Amazon, Meta, and Microsoft -- imposing obligations around interoperability, data portability, fair ranking, and prohibitions on self-preferencing. It aims to ensure contestable and fair digital markets. Applies to platforms meeting specific user and revenue thresholds in the EU.